Additional Topics · Part 3

A Latter Day Saint is an adherent of the Latter Day Saint movement, a group of religions tracing their heritage to the teachings of Joseph Smith, Jr. and the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) he organized in 1830. For general information about this movement and its denominations, see Latter Day Saint movement. This article concerns the use of the term Latter Day Saint and its variant Latter-day Saint (used exclusively by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)).

Usage of the term

Origin of Latter Day Saint

The first known use of the term Latter Day Saint was in 1834, soon before the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints), organized in 1830, was renamed as the Church of the Latter Day Saints. The term derives from the teaching of Joseph Smith, Jr. that adherents of the religion God established were "saints" in the same sense that Paul of Tarsus used the term, meaning that they were followers of Jesus. They are termed latter day saints in order to distinguish them from the saints of the early Christian church (former day saints). Usage of the term Latter Day Saints first appeared in the mid-1830s, when Smith's Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) was renamed the Church of Latter Day Saints, and later, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (which was sometimes hyphenated as Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints).

Latter Day Saint vs. Latter-day Saint

The British English styling Latter-day Saint—including both the hyphenation and lower-case d—came into common use in about 1852 when The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was incorporated by that name in Salt Lake City, Utah, Utah. This form is used only by that denomination, and its usage and the abbreviation LDS generally denote only members of the Utah-based church.

Because the LDS Church is by far the largest and most well-known of the various Latter Day Saint denominations, a number of churches who consider themselves Latter Day Saints prefer more informal terms to refer to their members, in order to avoid confusion. For example, the denomination that is officially named the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) refers to itself informally as the Strangites. Similarly, members of the Church of Christ (Temple Lot) are often referred to as Hedrickites. In 2001, the Community of Christ, the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination, changed its name from the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, partly to avoid these types of confusions. Nevertheless, the term Latter Day Saint may be appropriately applied to all denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement.

Latter Day Saint vs. Mormon

Latter Day Saints are sometimes also referred to as Mormons, a nickname derived from the title of The Book of Mormon. However, the size and prominence of the LDS Church have led to the terms Mormon and Mormonism being generally understood to apply only to the LDS Church and its members, that is, to the Latter-day Saints. The desire of the LDS Church to emphasize doctrinal teaching of Jesus Christ has led to the LDS Church urging journalists to use the terms Latter-day Saint and Mormon only in reference to members of the church or as an adjective in such expressions as Mormon pioneers, while referring to the church as either The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or the shortened form, The Church of Jesus Christ.^[1] Accordingly, the Associated Press AP Stylebook now states the following concerning the use of the term Mormon: “The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other churches that resulted from the split after Joseph Smith’s death.”

See also

Latter-day Saints; Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg; 40

• Latter Day Saint movement
• Mormonism
• Mormon
• Succession crisis (Mormonism)
• Criticism of Mormonism

Notes

External links

• LDS.org - Official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Mormon.org - An official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about the basic beliefs of the Church
• cofchrist.org - Community of Christ official website
• LDS Search Engine - Search engine from the Google Co-op Program that searches only LDS related websites and topics.
• GrupoSUD.com - GrupoSUD.com is a large general interest Spanish-language discussion list for LDS Church members. Includes several thousand members who get messages from a Mormon perspective.
• Mormoninfo.org - Mormoninfo.org is a source of links critical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from a fundamentalist protestant point of view.
• Mormon MommaA Mormon Blog from a female perspective.
• JosephSmith.net - An LDS Church-sponsored website describing the life of the Prophet Joseph Smith and his instrumentality in bringing forth the Book of Mormon as well as other modern day revelations (The Doctrine and Covenants).
• Exmormon.org - A comprehensive site summarizing critical information about Mormonism and personal stories of ex-Mormons and their reasons for exiting.

Rav Avraham ben Moshe di Boton was born in 1545 in Salonika. His main work was a commentary on the Yad Chazakah of Rambam. He passed away in 1588.

Rav Simcha of Vitri, France, who died in 1105, authored this halachic work. It focuses mainly around the daily and Shabbat prayer services, and includes halachic decisions from his teacher Rashi or from other early scholars. It also includes halachic decisions on issues of kashrut, family purity, tefillin, mezuzah, and ethics.

This wikipage represents research in progress.

Comments and suggestions are invited.

It is an attempt to review each of the largest faiths held by the Seventy nations. Following a description and brief summary of the religion, an attempt is made to identify which parts of that faith are incompatible with the Seven Laws of Noach. There are two goals in this effort: First, for believers who are currently belong to these faiths to become aware of what the Noachide Laws require of all humanity. Second, to try to isolate, identify and retain the national character of the faith so that a Noachide is left with a deep and fulfilling expression of his faith.

For each of the largest faiths, we include:

• Description of the faith.
• Documentation of which practices are not allowed according to the Jewish law
• Relationship to the Jewish Scriptures
• Relationship to authentic Jewish interpretation of Scripture
• Religious Council / Creed, as the defining interpretation of the faith
• Quote and teachings from leaders of this faith which confirm the above

This approach assumes that there is some relationship between religion, national faith, and Noachide nation. This needs to be explained further.

One of the most monumental works written on the Talmud is the Beit HaBechirah of Rav Menachem Meiri, born in Provence in 1249. This work is less a commentary and more of a digest of all of the comments in the gemara, arranged in a manner similar to the gemara - presenting first the mishna and then laying out the discussions that are raised concerning it. This commentary cites many of the major Rishonim, referring to them not by name but rather by distinguished titles. He also wrote several minor works, including a commentary to Avot whose introduction includes a recording of the chain of tradition from Moshe through the Tana'im. He was the student of Rav Reuven the son of Chaim of Narbonne, and passed away early in the 14th century.

View on Noahides

Main article Judaism and Other Religions

The tolerant position of the thirteenth century author, Rabbi Menachem Meiri, which considers other faith communities as religions worthy of tolerance without a theory of other religions.

Menrot also known as Magog was the father of all Iverians.

Associate Professor of Law, Emory University School of Law, Atlanta GA 30322.

The State of Israel has a secular law and constitution adopted from the Ottoman and British rule in the land. Efforts are made by religious legislators to adopt into the state laws, rulings based on the Jewish law, called "Mishpat Ivri".

Mordechai the son of Hillel, the son-in-law of Rav Yechiel of Paris, lived in Germany in the latter half of the 13th century. He main work is known simply as Mordechai, a halachic compendium arranged according to the order of the Talmud that cites many of the French and German Rishonim. He, along with his entire family, perished in the Rindfleish massacres around the turn of the century.

CELEBRATION

Nowruz is the name of a holiday in the Iranian calendar celebrated by Iranian people every year. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Iranian calendar. It occurs on the 21st of March.

I like this celebration.

Last year in my family I should prepare the begining of this celebration. One week before Nowruz I bought everything that I needed. For the Nowruz table I should put 7 plates with names beginning with *S*. Sumac, Serkeh (vinegar), Sib (apple), Samanoo (consisting of germinating wheat), Sekeh (coin), Sabzeh (grass), and Sir (garlic). Also I should put the holy Quran, a mirror, an egg, and a tray. After I set the table we are ready for the new year. New year started at 20:45:30. All of my family sat around the table and made a wish. After the begining of the new year we thank and wish the best for eachother. As per custom everyone in the family comes to meet each other. Because my father is an old man at first all of our relatives come to our house and say happy new year to each other. After all of them come to our house we go to their houses as well.

It is custom that the first dinner be a fish and rice. Also all people put on new cloaths. I hope that I take this ceremoney in the Uk this year!

Sandilch was the ruler of Adygea.

Rav Yitzchak the son of Moshe (Riaz) was born in Bohemia in 1180, but attained his fame in Vienna, where he lived until his death in 1250. His work was a halachic guide arranged according to the Talmudic tractates, and was very popular among Ashkenazic Jewry. He studied under many people, including Raavyah and the author of the Rokeiach, and he was among the teachers of Maharam MiRutenberg.

Rav Aharon Halevi was born in Gerona in 1235, and studied under his father and brother, as well as Ramban. He published critical notes on Rashba's Torat HaBayit, which he entitled Bedek HaBayit. He also wrote a commentary on the Talmud, select parts of which have been published. There are those who believe that he is the author of the Sefer HaChinuch, although this claim has been rejected by many. Ritva was one of his students.

Rav Avraham the son of David (Ra'avad III) was born in Narbonne, Provence in 1120 and passed away in Posquieres, Provence in 1198. His commentary on several tractates and on the Sefer HaHalachot of Rif still exist. However, he is best known for his glosses on the Mishne Torah of Rambam, which criticized the author for not following the lead of other codifiers and listing the sources for his laws.

Rav Eliezer the son of Natan was a Tosafist who lived in Germany from 1090 until 1170. His main work is entitled Even HaEzer, and is comprised of his halachic decisions, responsa, and a commentary on the prayerbook. He also wrote several liturgical poems. Among his students was his grandson Raavyah.

Rav Eliezer the son of Yoel HaLevi, a member of the Tosafists, lived in Germany from 1140 until 1225. His main work, Avi HaEzri, is a halachic compendium arranged according to the order of the Talmud and utilizing the method of the Tosafists. His teachers were his Grandfather Raavan and the author of the Yereim. Among his students were the Or Zarua and the Rokeiach.

A student of Rashba, Rabbeinu Bechaye the son of Asher lived in Saragossa, Spain in the early part of the century. His Torah commentary is noteworthy in that it presents four approaches to each verse that it investigates: a look at the plain meaning, in the spirit of Rav Avraham ibn Ezra and others; Midrashic exegesis; a philosophical approach incorporating works of science and philosophy; and a Kabbalistic approach. He also wrote several other works, including his ethical work Kad HaKemach.

The earliest of the Talmudic commentaries to be printed on the standard page of Talmud, he lived in North Africa and became head of the academy at Kairouan. He lived from 980 until 1050, and was one of the first Rishonim (as a distinct group from their immediate predecessors, the Geonim). His commentary incorporates opinions handed down from the academies in Babylonia and Italy, as well as excerpts from the Jerusalem Talmud and halachic decisions. He learned under his father, Chushiel, as well as Rav Hai Gaon, and he was the teacher of Rav Yitzchak Alfasi (the Rif).

Rabbeinu Tam (c.1100 - c.1171) (רבינו תם) (real name: Rabbeinu Yaakov, or Jacob in English) was one of the Baalei Tosafos whose commentary appears in every edition of Talmud opposite the commentary of Rashi. He is also well-known for his halakhic opinion on the proper order of the scrolls placed in the tefillin, which diverges from that of Rashi. Today both "Rashi tefillin" and "Rabbeinu Tam tefillin" are produced, and some Jews wear both in order to satisfy both halakhic opinions.

Rabbeinu Tam was born in the French country village of Remeruque (now Ramerupt, France), to Rabbeinu Meir ben Shmuel and his wife, Yocheved, the daughter of Rashi. Legend has it that when Rashi was holding his infant grandson, the baby touched the tefillin that were on Rashi's head. Rashi predicted that this grandson would later disagree with him about the order of the scripts that are put in the tefillin.

Halakhic differences of opinion

Rabbeinu Tam grew up to become the foremost halakhic authority of his generation and one of the greatest leaders of his time. He was one of the most famous of the Tosafists. He acquired his name, Tam, because his biblical namesake, Jacob, is described as "tam", implying straightforward and truthful.

While the Tosafists' rulings tended to side with Ashkenazi Jewish tradition (and thus with Rashi's halakhic opinions), Rabbeinu Tam's rulings often disagreed with that of his grandfather. The most well-known difference of opinion is Rabbeinu's stance on the ordering of the scrolls placed in tefillin. Of the four parchments placed inside the tefillin shel rosh and tefillin shel yad (tefillin worn on the head and arm, respectively), Rashi ruled that the passage of the Shema Yisrael ("Hear O Israel") should precede that of, "And it shall come to pass, if you hearken...". Rabbeinu Tam held that the ordering of these parchments should be reversed.

While most Ashkenazi Jews follow Rashi's opinion, some Jews (particularly Hasidim), first wear Rashi tefillin during morning prayer services and afterwards change to Rabbeinu Tam tefillin for a few minutes, in order to satisfy both opinions. Sephardi Jews follow Rashi's opinion. One can easily identify the difference between Rashi tefillin and Rabbeinu Tam tefillin externally, without opening the boxes, since the calf-hair threads bound around one of the passages in the tefillin shel rosh protrude outside the box in different places on either type of tefillinhttp://www.ott.co.il/tefillin_rashi.html.

Another halakhic disagreement between Rabbeinu Tam and Rashi concerns the placement of the mezuzah. Rashi rules that it should be mounted on the doorpost in a vertical position; Rabbeinu Tam holds that it should be mounted horizontally. To satisfy both opinions, Ashkenazi Jews place the mezuzah on the door in a slanted positionhttp://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.html. Sephardi Jews mount the mezuzah vertically, per the opinions of Rashi, Maimonides, and the Shulchan Aruch.

Rabbeinu Tam is credited with writing Sefer Hayasher (םפר הישר). His brothers were the Rashbam (רשב"ם) and the Rivom (ריב"ם).

Gravesite

Rabbeinu Tam and his brothers, the Rashbam and the Rivom, as well as other Baalei Tosafos, were buried in Ramerupt. The unmarked, ancient cemetery in which they are buried lies adjacent to a street called Street of the Great Cemetery. In 2005, Rabbi Yisroel Meir Gabbai, who renovates and repairs neglected gravesites of Jewish leaders around the world, helped to determine the exact boundaries of the cemetery. In addition, a member of the Jewish religious community in Paris bought a house at the site and converted it into a beth midrash http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5765/mattos/MTS65features.htm.

External links

• Essay on Rabbeinu Tam tefillin

Born in the late 12th century in Gerona, Spain, Rabbeinu Yonah is best known for his Sha'arei Teshuva, a work on ethics and repentance. He also wrote a commentary on Rif's Sefer HaHalchot, although only the section on tractate Berachot survives. He wrote several smaller works, including a commentary on Avot. He studied under Rav Shlomo Montpelier, and he taught, among others, Rashba.

Rav Moshe the son of Nachman was born in Gerona, Spain in 1194. He is perhaps best known for his two major commentaries - his commentary on the Chumash, which both interprets the verses and discusses the topic in a broader spectrum, and his commentary on the Talmud, written in the style of the Tosafists. In addition, he wrote two works defending Rif, namely his Milchamot Hashem, which answered the charges of the Baal HaMaor, and the Sefer Ha-Zechut, which defended Rif from Raavad. He also wrote several smaller works on specialized topics. In 1263 he was ordered by the king of Aragon to participate in a religious disputation with Pablo Christiani, a Jewish apostate. Ramban won the debate, and published an account of the proceedings. However, the Dominicans showed the king several passages that were deemed to be blasphemies against Christianity, and the work was burned. Ramban ultimately moved to Israel, settling in Acco until his death in 1270. His students included both Raah and Rashba.

Rav Moshe Isserles Born in 1530, Rav Isserles served as the Rosh Yeshiva of Cracow. His most famous work is the Mapah, a commentary on the Shulchan Aruch, and he also authored the Darchei Moshe, a commentary on the Beit Yoseif of Rav Yoseif Karo. He is the main halachic authority for Ashkenazic Jewry. He passed away in 1572.

Rav Nissim the son of Reuven was born in Spain in the early part of the 14th century (or late 13th). He is best known for his Talmudic commentary, which is more directly written as a commentary on Rif's Sefer HaHalachot. In addition, he authored Derashot HaRan, a series of expository lectures on the fundamentals of Judaism. He studied under his father as well as under Rav Peretz HaKohein, and was the teacher of Rav Ephraim Vidal and Rav Chasdai Crescas. He passed away around 1380.